Do you have any tips? In Spanish how do I know when to use de, del, a and al? I'm going to be starting a new foreign language, and I'm not sure which language to take: French or Spanish. I know some French, but only greetings. Which do you think? What is the term for when the Congressional majority represents the opposite party of the President? Where in the U. Constitution are health and property mentioned?
To what extent did the Cold War shape the American domestic life of the s? The 10th Amendment does what? Which U. What does the FCC regulate? Who were the major political players during the Reagan Administration?
Who helped shape President Reagan's legacy? Who was the first Secretary of State for the United States? Do prisoners deserve to be educated? The death penalty has always interested me. What are the different ways you can execute someone without it being cruel or unusual? Who were the major congressional participants in developing Social Security legislation? With so many delegates speaking so many different languages, how does the United Nations get anything done?
I love watching TV court shows, and would enjoy them more if I understood some of the legal jargon, like ex post facto.
What does that mean? The U. House of Representatives comprises members, proportionally representing the population of all 50 states. Apart from those that encompass an entire state, which is the single largest congressional district by area in the nation? What is habeas corpus, and where is it guaranteed by law? Where is the establishment of religion clause in the U.
What's the point of making texting while driving illegal? Have social conservatives captured the Republican Party? Why are Republicans or those who favor capitalism called the right" or "right-wing" and Democrats or those who favor social issues called the "left?
What are the differences in the ways the House and the Senate conduct debates on a bill? What is WikiLeaks? How long do oral arguments last in Supreme Court cases? What do you think are some reasons why the President was given almost unlimited military powers? What are some possible positive and negative effects resulting from the scope of the President's military power?
Why is the United States government so worried about North Korea? Did Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation actually free any slaves? How were U. Senators originally chosen? What changes in American society have created new issues for the government to address? What was the Tweed Ring?
What do you think secret service for the Obama girls is like? Is there a dude with a gun and stuff sitting next to them in class? Wouldn't that make it hard for them to concentrate?
How many representatives does each state have in the House of Representatives? How are justices to the U. Supreme Court elected? Is this a good or a bad thing? What type of education do you need to become Speaker of the House?
Is that true? What do security and infringed mean in the Second Amendment to the U. What did Abraham Lincoln mean by A house divided against itself cannot stand"? President who never won a nationwide election? What is the current law on compulsory vaccinations in the U. Are there any exceptions for people who don't want to get vaccinated? After the stock market crash, how did President Hoover try to help the economy? My economics teacher said something about stagflation , what is that, exactly?
How do interest groups play a role in American government? Has Thanksgiving always been on the same day? Can someone who's not a Republican or Democrat win an election? What can you tell me about the presidential election? The Electoral College — can anyone apply? How do lobbyists influence public policy decisions?
What happens if the president doesn't like a piece of legislation? What are the legal elements of a crime? How did the Whiskey Rebellion change people's perception of federal laws in the United States?
How do federal judges get their jobs? If you are dressed to conform to an informal, verbal dress code but a different, written dress code is enforced and you get in trouble, do you have a First Amendment right to challenge it? My teachers enforce the dress code inconsistently. How does the CIA recruit people?
What types of majors do they typically target? What is the importance of the Declaration of Independence? Why would the founders of our country need to declare" their freedom? Why is it so important today? What is the purpose of government, and how does a bill become law?
Is there a way, other than retiring, to get out of the Supreme Court such as being dismissed? When did the pocket veto start? Who would serve as the new president if both the president and vice president resigned? What's a Congressional Page and how do you become one? What is guerrilla warfare? Years ago I learned that our national highway system has built-in runways for emergency landing strips.
Is this still true? What newspapers did Frederick Douglass write for? I know that the days of the week are all named after Norse or Roman gods or the sun and moon, but I can't figure out what Tuesday is named for. Do you know? Can you give me a brief history of Prussia? Who were the Ottomans? Who discovered oxygen? How did Peter I of Russia come to power? What can you tell me about Kwanzaa? What is the Alma-Ata declaration? I've heard that in some countries, everyone has to sign up for the military between high school and college.
How were women treated in Ancient Rome? What is the history and meaning of Turkey's flag? How are justices to the US Supreme Court elected Is this a good or a bad thing How did ounce come to be abbreviated as oz.? Why did Cromwell dissolve the first Protectorate parliament? What place did the underworld have in Egyptian mythology? Can you explain Lincoln's Gettysburg Address in words that a teen can understand?
Who was the most famous mathematician? Where did Christopher Columbus land when he reached the Americas? How did Zeus become ruler of the Greek gods? What is antidisestablishmentarianism? What is Leningrad known as today? Who were the leading figures in the Classical period of music? Who wrote, A man convinced against his will is of the same opinion still"?
What was the cause of the War of Spanish Succession? What is the song Yankee Doodle Dandy" really about? How does history reflect what people were thinking at the time? My teacher says there's more than one kind of history.
How can that be? What were the turning points in World War II? We just started studying Spanish exploration in North America. What makes it so important today? What was it like for women in the s? Have Americans always been big on sports? Who invented baseball? What did American Indians have to give up for pioneers?
How did imperialism spread around the world? How did Imperialism in India come about? What's the big deal about Manifest Destiny? How did the Tet Offensive affect public opinion about the Vietnam War? Where do the four suits in a deck of cards originate? What do they represent?
What was the Roe v. Wade trial? Who is Constantine? I need to know some info on the Monroe Doctrine. I have looked everywhere but I still can't find any information. Where did the chair originate from? I was sitting on one the other day and it said Made in China," but where did it first come from?
Everyone talks about how enlightened the Mayans were, but what did they really do? What caused the fall of the Roman Empire?
Did Christianity play a role? What was the reason for the downfall of the Russian Empire in ? What prompted slavery? Why were the Africans chosen for enslavement? How did World War I start and end? What is The Palestinian Conflict? I don't really understand the French Revolution. What started it, and what stopped it? What was the doctor's diagnosis of Helen Keller when she was a baby?
What is the Trail of Tears? When speaking about Native Americans, what is the difference between an Indian tribe and an Indian Nation? What happened during the Boston Massacre? What was sectionalism in America before the Civil War? How did the U. What is Ronald Reagan's Tear down this wall" speech about? How many countries are there in the world? What did Columbus do besides sail to the New World? My history teacher said that if your religious denomination isn't Catholic, than you are a Protestant.
Is she right? Do you think that Mormons are Christians? What is the full name of the Mormon Church? What is the size of Europe in square miles? How were the Crusades a turning point in Western history? I know that the verb pluck means to pull out or pull at, but what's the definition when used as a noun? Which novels would you recommend to year-olds on the theme of places and forms of power?
In The Pearl, why didn't John Steinbeck give the pearl buyers identifying names? What is perfidy from Sister Carrie, by Theodore Dreiser? Is being pedantic a good or bad thing? Is a termagant a type of seabird? What is ichor from The Iliad? Is a rivulet really a river, only smaller? Charles Dickens has this person called the beadle" in lots of his books. Is that like a nickname for a man with buggy eyes or something? What is the main tenet of stoicism? What's the meaning of obsequious from Theodore Dreiser's urban novel Sister Carrie?
Where are the Antipodes from Much Ado about Nothing? What is a truckle bed from Romeo and Juliet? What does truculent from Great Expectations mean? If someone inculcates you, should you feel insulted? Nice or mean? What does laconic mean?
At a restaurant famous for its rude servers, a waitress told me to lump it" when I asked for another napkin. Can you tell me about that phrase? I thought necro had something to do with being dead. So, what's a necromancer? Sounds creepy. In Orwell's , what does the opening sentence suggest about the book? Understanding the literary genre Magical Realism What's a prig?
I asked my granddad if he liked his new apartment and he said, It's all hunky-dory, kiddo. I hate finding typos in books. Here's one I've seen several times: jalousies instead of jealousies. On the second week of my summer job at a bookstore, my boss handed me an envelope with what she called my emoluments.
Looked like a paycheck to me, though. In To Kill a Mockingbird, what are some examples of the characters having courage?
What's cud? I was once told to stop chewing my cud and get back to work. What can you tell me about the word patois from The Awakening? What are thews from Ivanhoe? What does pot-shop from The Pickwick Papers mean?
Are all dowagers women? If someone is the titular head of a political party, does it mean they have all the power? The word flummox confuses me. What does it mean? Somebody told me I looked pasty. Does that mean I've eaten too many sweets? I started taking private bassoon lessons. Is anomalous the same as anonymous? I know that a fathom is a unit of measure used by sailors, but how long is a fathom?
What is a joss from Victory, by Joseph Conrad? What does eschew from The Pickwick Papers mean? What does excrescence from The Call of the Wild mean? What does the word covert mean? In Shakespeare's Sonnet , what is an oblation? In Moby-Dick , what does vitiate mean? In War and Peace , what does bane mean? In Jane Eyre , what are chilblains? Does mendacious refer to something that is fixable mendable? Is kickshawses one of those weird words that Shakespeare coined?
What is renege , in Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra? What is maxim? I think it's a female name but I'm not sure. Last Valentine's Day, this guy I barely know gave me a rose and said something about ardent love. What does ardent mean? What kind of literature is a picaresque novel? What does culpable mean? What's a cenotaph? What does gallimaufry mean in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo?
My vocabulary is pretty good, but that one has me stumped! What does it mean to genuflect? Someone told me I was looking wistful. What is wistful? In David Copperfield, what does superannuated mean? Does the word syllogism have something to do with biology? I see the word benefactor a lot in my reading assignments.
Is that somebody who benefits from something? I found a funny word in The Glass Castle. Where did skedaddle come from and what does it mean? Does sinuous mean something like full of sin"? I saw the word in The Devil in the White City.
What are characteristics of Modernist literature, fiction in particular? What does my brother mean when he says he's too ensconced in his studies to look for a girlfriend? My grandpa complained about a bunch of politicians making what he called chin music. Did he mean they were in a loud band? What is melodrama? In Dracula, what's a missal? In the terms abject poverty and abject misery, what does abject mean? In Moby-Dick, what does craven mean? What does cicatrize mean? What is a noisome smell" in Tolstoy's War and Peace?
In Jane Eyre, what's syncope? I just read Dracula. What's the forcemeat in Jonathan Harker's journal? Can the word stern mean more than one thing? Where is Yoknapatawpha county? What does smouch mean? How do you pronounce quay? And what does it mean, anyway? What are some examples of paradox in the novel Frankenstein? Instead, the republic collapsed in upon itself.
It grew increasingly indebted to the military and by the later s the arrears of pay that were owed to soldiers grew so significant as to threaten to bankrupt the regime. Its administrators pursued different political settlements for England, Ireland and Scotland, creating strategic ambiguities as to what a republican government should look like and the extent to which it should draw in at a local level the traditional social leaders.
Most seriously, the republic proved to be incapable of sustaining the religious and political ideals upon which it had been founded. History Matters. The English republic was brought down by the same forces that brought it to power. The English republic was over, undermined by its own political ends.
English Civil War Oliver Cromwell. Popular articles. When the Men Came Marching Home. In the interim Protector and Council appear to have been working on the document, perhaps making further changes to its content and amending some of the clauses. At least six summaries of the constitution were produced unofficially and circulated during the latter half of December. They were presumably based upon notes made during its public recitation on 16 December.
In several respects these summaries differed from the final constitution, the definitive text which was published on 2 January , perhaps therefore revealing amendments made by Protector and Council between 16 December and the beginning of January. The final, official version of the written constitution, known as the Instrument of Government, became readily available from 2 January and it soon circulated widely both as a separate pamphlet and through substantial summaries and extensive extracts carried in almost all the newspapers in editions which went to press on or after 4 January.
The full text of the constitution ran to 42 clauses and a little over 4, words. For the full text of the document click here. The Instrument of Government was hatched beyond the public gaze during the closing weeks of and little was ever revealed about its background or gestation.
Little was and is known about its authors. Lambert was as usual accorded eminence, but only one other military figure Goffe was named, Major Generals Berry and Kelsey were not included, and instead three of the five named authors were exclusively civilians Lawrence, who served as President of the Council throughout the Protectorate, Secretary of State Thurloe and St John.
However, we should note that Oliver St John vigorously denied any involvement in the establishment of the Protectorate and later claimed that he was dangerously ill throughout the whole period from October until May Whoever they were, the authors of the Instrument had clear intentions. The constitution restored separate and powerful legislative and executive arms of government, while building in a series of checks and balances to prevent one arm either going too far without the consent of the other or attacking and undermining the other.
Legislative power was vested in an assured succession of triennial parliaments, the first to meet in September Accordingly, the constitution distributed the seats in a manner very different from a traditional early Stuart parliament; it also greatly revised the franchise and laid down new conditions on who could vote in elections for, and sit and serve in, the Protectorate parliaments.
The constitution gave parliament a guaranteed minimum lifespan, during which it could only be dissolved with its own consent, though thereafter it could by implication be dissolved by a higher authority. There was provision for extra parliaments to be called and to meet in the intervals between the regular triennial parliaments if need arose.
The constitution made detailed and complex provision for elections to be triggered and for the triennial parliaments to meet, even if the head of state or local officials for some reason failed to issue writs or convene elections. Parliament was given extensive legislative powers, to make new laws, and once bills had been approved by the House they would apparently automatically become law, even if the head of state failed to give his assent.
However, the head of state had power to veto any parliamentary bill which in his sole opinion, against which there was no appeal, ran contrary to the constitution. The constitution vested executive power in the hands of a permanent Council, comprising up to twenty-one members; the first fifteen founder-members were named within the constitution.
This Protectoral Council was to be very different from the old royal Privy Council, for the king had the right to appoint and dismiss Privy Councillors entirely at will. In contrast, Protectoral Councillors could only be removed by death or by conviction for serious miscarriage and only after a long and complex procedure in which the head of state played no part. Similarly, the head of state played little role in appointing new Councillors to fill any vacancies, for again quite a long and complex procedure was laid down to draw up and whittle down a shortlist of candidates.
In short, the constitution attempted to establish a Council which was at least semi-autonomous and semi-independent of the head of state. However, the Council was given very few powers of its own — alone it could do little more than elect a new head of state on the death of the old and vet newly-returned MPs to ensure they met the qualifications laid down in the constitution.
The constitution restored a single head of state, to be called a Lord Protector, who was to hold office for life. It was not a hereditary office, and on the death of one Lord Protector, his successor was to be elected by the Council. Oliver Cromwell was named in the constitution as the first Lord Protector. The Protector was built up as a substantial figurehead — state land and properties were vested in him, official documents were to run in his name, he was to be the font of honour and magistracy, he had power of pardon, he was provided with an assured annual income to maintain himself and the civil aspects of his administration, in effect he held a veto over parliamentary bills and in practice he exercise the power to dissolve parliament once its guaranteed minimum lifespan had expired.
Instead, clause after clause of the constitution laid down that these key powers were to be shared between at least two, generally all three, of these key players in central government.
Thus in these crucial aspects of government, typically the Lord Protector could only act and exercise power if he first sought and obtained the advice and consent of a parliament if one was in session, or the advice and consent of the Council in the intervals between parliament.
In some cases, decisions taken by Protector and Council when parliament was not sitting were to be reviewed, confirmed or rejected when the next parliament met. But it also recognised that because of threats to security there would be a need to maintain the existing much larger army, at least for a time, and it did make allowance for funding the existing army, which in probably numbered over 55, men. The constitution also authorised the continuation of a ministry funded through the existing tithe system, at least until some better system had been found, but it stressed that no one was to be compelled to adhere to any particular faith or official church.
Instead there was to be broad liberty of conscience for a variety of Protestants, though it would not extend to Catholics, to Prelatists — those who were actively promoting the restoration of an espiscopal church and system — or to anyone indulging in licentious practices. The Instrument left some issues unclear and there are a few ragged edges, perhaps indicative of hasty drafting or revision.
For example, in several places it mentions that the Channel Islands of Guernsey and Jersey were to be given seats in the new parliament, but in fact no such provision was made. It is not clear whether, by accident or design, the constitution was drawing some distinction between the militia, that is the part-time, county-based defence units of England and Wales, and the regular armed forces, giving the Protector a freer hand to deploy them when parliament was not sitting.
The Instrument contained no mechanism permitting or enabling its own amendment or revision; indeed, MPs and parliament were barred from making any changes to the existing text. In places, the constitution was gloriously vague, implicitly or explicitly leaving it to Protector and Council to sort out the distribution of seats in Scotland and Ireland, the size of the navy necessary to defend the state and the size and funding of the army over and above the 30, allowed for in clause XXVII.
Much of Clause XXX has the feel of an afterthought, added on to an existing provision. Thus in the eight months or so before the first Protectorate parliament was to meet in September , Protector and Council were given temporary powers to raise money to pay for the extra troops and, even more curiously, to make laws and ordinances, thus giving temporary but potentially sweeping legislative powers to the executive arm. In this awkward interval before parliament was to meet, Protector and Council were also given temporary powers to distribute the Scottish and Irish seats and to co-opt further Councillors, up to the maximum of twenty-one.
In practice, Cromwell and his Council made extensive use of their temporary financial and legislative powers during , renewing and imposing taxes and passing over ordinances covering public, private and local issues. He wanted people to focus thoughtfully on the word of God. Foreign policy : He built up the navy, which defeated the Dutch. New World Colonies : He insisted that colonists were allowed religious freedom.
Catholics could own land there. In , the British navy captured Jamaica from the Spanish.
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