Again, a limitation of these observational studies is the possibility of confounding with other dietary components or lifestyle or environmental variables that are correlated with magnesium intake. Only a few small, short-term clinical trials have examined the potential effects of supplemental magnesium on control of type 2 diabetes and the results are conflicting [ 41 , 45 ]. After 30 days of supplementation, plasma, cellular, and urine magnesium levels increased in participants receiving the larger dose of the supplement, and their glycemic control improved.
The American Diabetes Association states that there is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of magnesium to improve glycemic control in people with diabetes [ 45 ]. It further notes that there is no clear scientific evidence that vitamin and mineral supplementation benefits people with diabetes who do not have underlying nutritional deficiencies. Magnesium is involved in bone formation and influences the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts [ 49 ].
Magnesium also affects the concentrations of both parathyroid hormone and the active form of vitamin D, which are major regulators of bone homeostasis. Several population-based studies have found positive associations between magnesium intake and bone mineral density in both men and women [ 50 ].
Other research has found that women with osteoporosis have lower serum magnesium levels than women with osteopenia and those who do not have osteoporosis or osteopenia [ 51 ]. These and other findings indicate that magnesium deficiency might be a risk factor for osteoporosis [ 49 ]. Although limited in number, studies suggest that increasing magnesium intakes from food or supplements might increase bone mineral density in postmenopausal and elderly women [ 1 ].
Diets that provide recommended levels of magnesium enhance bone health, but further research is needed to elucidate the role of magnesium in the prevention and management of osteoporosis. Magnesium deficiency is related to factors that promote headaches, including neurotransmitter release and vasoconstriction [ 53 ]. People who experience migraine headaches have lower levels of serum and tissue magnesium than those who do not. However, research on the use of magnesium supplements to prevent or reduce symptoms of migraine headaches is limited.
The authors of a review on migraine prophylaxis suggested that taking mg magnesium twice a day, either alone or in combination with medication, can prevent migraines [ 54 ]. In their evidence-based guideline update, the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society concluded that magnesium therapy is "probably effective" for migraine prevention [ 55 ].
Because the typical dose of magnesium used for migraine prevention exceeds the UL, this treatment should be used only under the direction and supervision of a healthcare provider. Too much magnesium from food does not pose a health risk in healthy individuals because the kidneys eliminate excess amounts in the urine [ 29 ].
However, high doses of magnesium from dietary supplements or medications often result in diarrhea that can be accompanied by nausea and abdominal cramping [ 1 ]. Forms of magnesium most commonly reported to cause diarrhea include magnesium carbonate, chloride, gluconate, and oxide [ 12 ]. The diarrhea and laxative effects of magnesium salts are due to the osmotic activity of unabsorbed salts in the intestine and colon and the stimulation of gastric motility [ 56 ].
Symptoms of magnesium toxicity, which usually develop after serum concentrations exceed 1. The risk of magnesium toxicity increases with impaired renal function or kidney failure because the ability to remove excess magnesium is reduced or lost [ 1 , 29 ]. This occurs because the RDAs include magnesium from all sources—food, beverages, dietary supplements, and medications.
The ULs include magnesium from only dietary supplements and medications; they do not include magnesium found naturally in food and beverages. Several types of medications have the potential to interact with magnesium supplements or affect magnesium status.
A few examples are provided below. People taking these and other medications on a regular basis should discuss their magnesium intakes with their healthcare providers. Use of magnesium-rich supplements or medications and oral bisphosphonates should be separated by at least 2 hours [ 56 ].
These antibiotics should be taken at least 2 hours before or 4—6 hours after a magnesium-containing supplement [ 56 , 61 ]. FDA advises healthcare professionals to consider measuring patients' serum magnesium levels prior to initiating long-term PPI treatment and to check magnesium levels in these patients periodically [ 63 ]. The federal government's — Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods.
In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when it is not possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients e. For more information about building a healthy dietary pattern, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U.
Department of Agriculture's MyPlate. This fact sheet by the Office of Dietary Supplements ODS provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. We encourage you to talk to your healthcare providers doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice.
Updated: August 11, History of changes to this fact sheet. Find ODS on:. Strengthening Knowledge and Understanding of Dietary Supplements. Health Information Health Information. Magnesium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Food and Nutrition Board. Rude RK. Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Volpe SL. Present Knowledge in Nutrition.
Elin RJ. Assessment of magnesium status for diagnosis and therapy. Magnes Res ; Principles of Nutritional Assessment, 2nd ed. Methods of assessment of magnesium status in humans: a systematic review. Magnesium Res ; Comparison of the mineral content of tap water and bottled waters.
J Gen Intern Med ; Intestinal absorption of magnesium from food and supplements. J Clin Invest ; Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central , Food and Drug Administration.
Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of magnesium after administration of magnesium salts to humans. Am J Ther ; Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations.
Magnesium-L-aspartate-HCl and magnesium-oxide: bioavailability in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol ; Magnesium bioavailability from magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide. J Am Coll Nutr ; Mg citrate found more bioavailable than other Mg preparations in a randomized, double-blind study. Mag Res ; Inhibitory effects of zinc on magnesium balance and magnesium absorption in man.
Therapeutic uses of magnesium. Am Fam Physician ; Dietary supplement use is associated with high intakes of minerals from food sources. Over-the-counter magnesium supplements come in different forms; liquid types like magnesium citrate or chloride may be better absorbed than solid tablets like magnesium oxide and sulfate. Magnesium can have a laxative effect at high doses; in fact, it is sold as a laxative in the form of magnesium hydroxide. Magnesium hydroxide is also an ingredient in some popular antacids to treat heartburn and upset stomach; it is important to be aware of the laxative effect when using magnesium hydroxide tablets for an upset stomach.
Although magnesium is naturally found in a variety of foods and some fortified foods, national dietary surveys show that most Americans of all ages eat less than recommended amounts. The body also helps to preserve magnesium levels when stores are low by limiting the amount excreted in urine and absorbing more magnesium in the gut. A true deficiency occurs with a long-term low magnesium diet, malabsorption, and large losses from alcohol abuse or use of medications that deplete magnesium some diuretics, proton pump inhibitors, and antibiotics.
Toxicity is rare from food sources because the kidneys will remove excess magnesium in the urine. However toxic levels may occur with long-term use of high-dosage supplements. People with kidney disease have a higher risk of toxicity because their kidneys are not working properly and cannot flush out extra magnesium. Magnesium supplements are a popular remedy for leg and foot cramps, a bothersome condition that may jolt you awake in the middle of the night or during exercise.
A deficiency of magnesium can certainly cause muscle cramping, but these supplements are often used whether or not people know they are truly deficient. Evidence so far does not support this treatment for muscle cramps. A Cochrane review of seven randomized controlled trials looking at the effects of magnesium supplements on muscle cramps did not find a significant difference in intensity or duration of cramps in people using the supplements versus a placebo for one month. The contents of this website are for educational purposes and are not intended to offer personal medical advice.
You should seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. The Nutrition Source does not recommend or endorse any products. Skip to content The Nutrition Source. Harvard T. The Nutrition Source Menu. Search for:. Magnesium and Health Magnesium is a key factor in making several parts of the body run smoothly: the heart, bones, muscles, nerves, and others.
Migraines Magnesium is sometimes prescribed as a complementary treatment for migraine headaches, as clinical studies have found low magnesium levels in people suffering from this condition. Depression Magnesium assists with neurological pathways that, when not functioning correctly, are believed to lead to mood disorders like depression and anxiety. Cardiovascular disease CVD High blood pressure is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease CVD , and magnesium helps to regulate blood pressure.
Type 2 diabetes Magnesium assists enzymes that regulate blood sugar and insulin activity. Am J Clin Nutr. Is it safe to take magnesium supplements every day? Is it safe to take magnesium when pregnant? Is it possible to take too much magnesium? What are the side effects of taking magnesium? Can it cause joint pain or muscle pain? Can it cause numbness, tingling or itchiness? Can it cause tiredness? Can it cause diarrhoea? Is magnesium safe to take? Can you take too much magnesium?
Can it magnesium cause tiredness? Share this article using the buttons below Facebook Twitter AddThis. Return to Health Hub.
Your browser is out of date, and may not be compatible with our website.
0コメント